The Secret Life of Cellular Mutations Biology Diagrams Cell cycle deregulation associated with cancer occurs through mutation of proteins important at different levels of the cell cycle. In cancer, mutations have been observed in genes encoding CDK, cyclins, CDK shows an anti‐proliferative effect on human tumour cell lines and has now entered clinical trials (Takahashi et al. 1989
These complexes exert their regulatory function by phosphorylation of key proteins involved in cell cycle transitions, such as the product encoded by the retinoblastoma gene (pRB). Mutations and overexpression of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases, mainly cyclin D1 and Cdk4, have been reported and proposed to be oncogenic events. A mutation in one proto-oncogene would not cause cancer, as the effects of the mutation would be masked by the normal control of the cell cycle and the actions of tumor suppressor genes. Similarly, a mutation in one tumor suppressor gene would not cause cancer either, due to the presence of many "backup" genes that duplicate its functions. Many other mutations have no effect on the organism because they are repaired beforeprotein synthesis occurs. Cells have multiple repair mechanisms to fix mutations in DNA. It is generally caused by mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle. Because of the mutations, cells with damaged DNA are allowed to divide without limits.
7.4: Mutations and Cancer Biology Diagrams
Cancer is a systemic manifestation of aberrant cell cycle activity and dysregulated cell growth. Genetic mutations can determine tumor onset by either augmenting cell division rates or restraining normal controls such as cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. As a result, tumor cells not only undergo uncontrolled cell division but also become compromised in their ability to exit the cell cycle The inhibitory effects on cell growth are consistent across different cancer types carrying diverse p53 mutations. Furthermore, CP-31398 has been shown to increase ROS production, triggering apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells regardless of p53 status ( 121 ). The results indicated that the cancer types can be classified into two major groups based on the magnitude of gene expression changes related to the cell cycle and cell proliferative activity caused by TP53 mutations. Furthermore, there was no distinct difference in the effects of GOF and non-GOF mutations on the gene expression profile of the
This study is a cross-cancer type analysis of the effects of TP53 mutations on gene expression. A hierarchical cluster analysis of the expression profile of the p53 signaling pathway classified 21
